Diabetes Treatments

Reviews/Commentaries/Position Statements
REPORT FROM THE AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION

Economic Costs of Diabetes in the US in 2002
AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION

D

OBJECTIVE — Diabetes is the fifth leading cause of death by disease in the US Diabetes also contributes to higher rates of morbidity–people with diabetes are at higher risk for heart disease, blindness, kidney failure, extremity amputations, and other chronic conditions The objectives of this study were 1 to estimate the direct medical and indirect productivity-related costs attributable to diabetes and 2 to calculate and compare the total and per capita medical expenditures for people with and without diabetes RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS — Medical expenditures were estimated for the US population with and without diabetes in 2002 by sex, age, race/ethnicity, type of medical condition, and health care setting Health care use and total health care expenditures attributable to diabetes were estimated using etiological fractions, calculated based on national health care survey data The value of lost productivity attributable to diabetes was also estimated based on estimates of lost workdays, restricted activity days,
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Long term spinal cord injury (SCI) and diabetes? many as 20 percent of spinal cord injured people having adult-onset diabetes. …

Symptoms and Warning Signs of Diabetes
Could you have diabetes? Diabetes is a silent disease You could have it for years and never know it During this time, your eyes, nerves, and kidneys may have been harmed by too much sugar in your blood Who is at risk for diabetes? Your risk for diabetes increases as your get older, gain too much weight, or if you do not stay active Diabetes is more common in African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Risk factors for diabetes include:

Having high blood pressure at or above 130/80 Having a family history of diabetes Having diabetes during pregnancy or having a baby weighing more than nine pounds at birth

Dont wait for the signs Most people with diabetes do not notice any symptoms However if you should have any of these symptoms, call your health care provider right away

Very thirsty

Frequent urination Losing weight without trying

What can you do? You can do things now to lower your risk for diabetes by:

keeping your weight in control; eating low fat meals that are HIGH in fruits, vegetables and whole grain foods; Staying active most days of the week

More Information
If you or the people
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diabetes, a group of chronic diseases characterized by Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes can lead to many. serious and often fatal health conditions. …

diabetes, a group of chronic diseases characterized by Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes can lead to many. serious and often fatal health conditions. …

X-Plain Diabetes - Introduction Reference Summary
Introduction Diabetes is a disease that affects millions of Americans every year Your doctor may have informed you that you have diabetes Although there is no known cure for diabetes, several known treatments can control this disease The success of any diabetes treatment depends largely on the patient This reference summary will review the different types of diabetes, their control and treatment What is Diabetes The body is made of millions of cells that need energy to function The food you eat is turned into sugar, called glucose Sugar is carried to the cells through the blood stream It is one of many substances needed by cells to make energy For glucose to enter the cells, 2 conditions must be present First, the cells must have enough doors, called receptors Second, a substance called insulin is needed to unlock the receptors Once these two conditions are met, glucose enters the cell and is used by the cell to make energy Without energy, all cells die Insulin is a chemical hormone, which is manufactured in the pancreas Insulin levels in the blood vary with the amount of glucose present in the blood Diabetes is a disease that makes
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Diabetes is more common in. African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, Asian Americans and Call 1-800-DIABETES (1-800-342-2383) for free information about …

Diabetes is more common in. African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, Asian Americans and Call 1-800-DIABETES (1-800-342-2383) for free information about …

FACT SHEET

Diabetes Disparities Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities
A g e n c y f o r H e a l t h c a re R e s e a rc h a n d Q u a l i t y 2 1 0 1 E a s t J e ff e r s o n S t re e t R o c k v i l l e , M D 2 0 8 5 2

wwwahrqgov
AHRQ is the lead Federal agency charged with supporting research designed to improve the quality of health care, reduce its cost, address patient safety and medical errors, and broaden access to essential services AHRQ sponsors and conducts research that provides evidence-based information on health care outcomes; quality; and cost, use, and access The information helps health care decisionmakers–patients and clinicians, health system leaders, and policymakers–make more informed decisions and improve the quality of health care services

Diabetes, the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, is a chronic disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia high blood glucose levels As of 1999, approximately 16 million Americans–59 percent of the total population–had been diagnosed with diabetes, and that number is increasing rapidly In a healthy person, blood sugar levels, which fluctuate based on food intake, exercise, and other factors, are
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diabetes, several known treatments can control this disease. summary will review the different types of diabetes, their control and treatment. …

diabetes, several known treatments can control this disease. summary will review the different types of diabetes, their control and treatment. …

International Diabetes Institute Diabetes Fact Sheet

WHAT IS DIABETES?
Diabetes is a condition where the body is unable to automatically regulate blood glucose levels, resulting in too much glucose a sugar in the blood Glucose comes from foods that contain carbohydrate starches and sugars; for example, breads and cereals, milk and dairy foods, fruits and some vegetables and travels to the muscles and other organs where it is used as fuel Excess glucose is detoured to the liver where it may be stored for future use Glucose is the bodys preferred source of energy and our bodies need it to work efficiently, just like a car needs petrol to run The blood glucose level is regulated with the help of insulin, a hormone or chemical messenger made in the pancreas Insulin is the key that glucose needs to enter the bodys cells so that it can be used as fuel Diabetes develops when the pancreas stops producing insulin Type 1 diabetes or when the body does not respond properly to insulin Type 2 diabetes Insulin injections are necessary to treat Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes can usually be controlled in the first instance by regular exercise and diet Tablets and eventually insulin injections
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Diabetes, the sixth leading cause of. death in the United States, is a chronic diabetes, blood sugar levels are not. adequately controlled by insulin. …

Issue Brief
Health Policy Studies Division Contact: Emily Cornell, 202/624-7879 or Ecornell@ngaorg January 2002

State Efforts to Prevent and Manage Diabetes
Summary
Diabetes is a costly chronic disease but, with proper education, people can control and hopefully prevent the life-threatening complications that are often associated with the disease State-based diabetes control programs are critical to a national effort in controlling diabetes State prevention and control programs can influence broad changes in the community, environment, and health system that can improve the lives of people with diabetes States help define the burden of diabetes statewide and nationally States are the main collectors and analyzers of incidence data Along with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, states monitor and assist in defining the burden of chronic disease within individual states and educate the medical community on the latest standards of care States can provide information and education to improve the quality of care for people with diabetes By serving as a central reference point for health educators, health care professionals, and the public, states can help control the
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These complications of diabetes can cause damage to eyes, nerves and In Australia, one adult in twelve has diabetes and the prevalence. is increasing. …

These complications of diabetes can cause damage to eyes, nerves and In Australia, one adult in twelve has diabetes and the prevalence. is increasing. …

Almost everyone knows someone who has diabetes An estimated 17 million people almost 62 percent of the population in the United States have diabetes mellitus a serious, lifelong

condition About 59 million people have not yet been diagnosed Each year, about 1 million people age 20 or older are diagnosed with diabetes

Diabetes is a disorder of metabolism the way our bodies use digested food for growth and energy Most of the food we eat is broken down into glucose, the form of sugar in the blood Glucose is the main source of fuel for the body After digestion, glucose passes into the bloodstream, where it is used by cells for growth and energy For glucose to get into cells, insulin must be present Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, a large gland behind the stomach When we eat, the pancreas is supposed to automatically produce the right amount of insulin to move glucose from blood into our cells In people with diabetes, however, the pancreas either produces little or no insulin, or the cells do not respond appropriately to the insulin that is produced Glucose builds up in the blood, overflows into the urine, and passes out of the body Thus, the body loses its main
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the Resolution designates “14 November, the current World Diabetes Day, as a United public awareness on diabetes and related complications as well as on …

Diabetes Article World Diabetes Day 2007:
The First UN World Diabetes Day On 20 December 2006, the United Nations General Assembly passed a landmark Resolution on diabetes The Resolution recognizes the severity of diabetes and calls on all nations to develop national policies to tackle the diabetes pandemic At the same time, the Resolution designates 14 November, the current World Diabetes Day, as a United Nations Day, to be observed every year beginning in 2007 and invites all Member States, relevant organizations of the United Nations system and other international organizations as well as civil society including non-governmental organizations and the private sector, to observe World Diabetes Day in an appropriate manner, in order to raise public awareness on diabetes and related complications as well as on its prevention and care, including through education and the mass media For the global diabetes community, this recent development offers a tremendous opportunity for raising diabetes awareness on a scale not seen before The theme chosen for the first ever UN World Diabetes Day is diabetes in children and adolescents Campaign goals 2007 The World Diabetes Day 2007 campaign
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diabetes can lead to multiple, severe conse- quences such as heart attack, stroke, kidney People with diabetes cannot break down glu- cose and use it for …

diabetes can lead to multiple, severe conse- quences such as heart attack, stroke, kidney People with diabetes cannot break down glu- cose and use it for …

Focus on Patients
Tests to Diagnosis Diabetes
Doctors use one of three blood tests to find out if a person has diabetes: the fasting plasma blood glucose test FPGT; the oral glucose tolerance test OGTT; or the random plasma glucose test Patients cannot eat for at least 8 hours usually overnight before taking the FPGT or the OGTT A random plasma glucose test can be taken without fasting A person may have diabetes if his or her blood glucose is: 1 126 mg/dL or higher on the FPGT; 2 200 mg/dL or higher on the OGTT; or 3 200 mg/dL or higher on the random test, plus symptoms of diabetes A person may have pre-diabetes if his or her blood glucose is: 1 between 100 and 125 mg/dL on the FPGT or 2 between 140 and 199 mg/dL on the OGTT The random test is not used to test for pre-diabetes Doctors will confirm whether or not an individual has diabetes by conducting a second FPGT or OGTT on another day1

Diabetes: Cost, Treatment, and Health Outcomes
This issue of PhRMAs Focus on Patients provides background information on diabetes and emphasizes the importance of adequate and early treatment for people with diabetes Appropriate treatment can prevent life-debilitating complications, improve
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When the first edition of Diabetes in America was data to warrant a chapter on neuropathy in diabetes. In 1988 a joint conference of the American Diabetes …

When the first edition of Diabetes in America was data to warrant a chapter on neuropathy in diabetes. In 1988 a joint conference of the American Diabetes …

Chapter 15

Neuropathy in Diabetes
Richard C Eastman, MD
SUMMARY

P

opulation-based studies of neuropathy inflammation and degeneration of peripheral nerves in persons with diabetes indicate that neuropathy is a common complication of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus IDDM and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus NIDDM, with 60-70 of patients affected Subclinical neuropathy is much more common than clinical neuropathy Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy is the most common type of neuropathy, followed by carpal tunnel syndrome, other mononeuropathies, and autonomic

neuropathy The frequency distribution for neuropathies is similar in IDDM and NIDDM, as are the frequencies of subclinical and clinical distal polyneuropathy and carpal tunnel syndrome However, severe distal neuropathy is more common in IDDM Prevalence of neuropathy increases with age, duration of diabetes, and worsening of glucose tolerance In the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial DCCT, intensive treatment of diabetes with near-normalization of glycemia reduced by 60 the 5-year incidence of neuropathy in those without neuropathy at study entry

INTRODUCTION

NEUROPATHY COMPLICATIONS IN
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