Regular Physical Activity and Type 2 Diabetes Risk Discuss the major affect of exercise training on type 2 diabetes risk. …
CHAPTER 20
The Endocrine System: Organization and Acute and Chronic Responses to
Exercise
DEFINE KEY WORDS AND CONCEPTS
1 Neuroendocrine organ
2 Endocrine
3 Exocrine
4 Steroid-derived hormones
5 Amine
6 Polypeptide hormones
7 Prostaglandins
8 Erythropoietin
9 Adrenocorticotropic hormone
10 Thyroxine
11 Hormone-receptor binding
12 Up-regulation
13 Down-regulation
14 Adenylate cyclase
15 Cyclic 35-adenosine monophosphate
16 Second messenger
17 Allosteric modulation
18 Secreted amount
19 Humoral stimuli
20 Diurnal variation
21 Hypophysis
22 Releasing factor
23 Proopiomelanocortin
24 Growth hormone
25 Somatotropin
26 Insulin-like growth factor
27 Thyroid-stimulating hormone
28 Corticotropin
29 Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis
30 Prolactin
31 Follicle-stimulating hormone
32 Luteinizing hormone
33 Neurohypophysis
34 Antidiuretic hormone
35 Oxytocin
36 Thyroxine
37 Triiodothyronine
38 Parathyroid hormone
39 Medulla
40 Cortex
41 Epinephrine
42 Norepinephrine
43 Catecholamines
44 Adrenocortical hormones
45
Mineralocorticoids
46 Glucocorticoids
47 Androgens
48 Aldosterone
49 Rennin
50 Angiotensin
51 Rennin-angiotensin system
52 Corticotropin-releasing factor
53 Cortisol
54 Ketosis
55 Dyhydroepiandrosterone
56 Testosterone
57 Estradiol
58 Progesterone
59 Acini
60 Islets of Langerhans
61 Alpha-cells
62 Beta-cells
63 Facilitated diffusion
64 Glucose transporters
65 Type 1 diabetes
66 Type 2 diabetes
67 Hyperinsulinemic clamp
68 Euglycemic clamp
69 Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp
70 Insulin sensitivity
71 Insulin responsiveness
72 Oral glucose-tolerance test
73 Fasting plasma glucose test
74 Metabolic syndrome X
75 Insulin-resistant
76 Glycosuria
77 Polyuria
78 Glucagon
79 Secretin
80 Gastrin
81 Cholecystokinin
82 Somatoliberin
83 Growth hormone
84 Beta-lipotropin
85 Beta-endorphin
86 Dynorphin
87 Exercise high
88 Exercise immunology
89 URTI
90 Natural killer cells
91 Open window hypothesis
92 Glutamine and immunity
Study Questions
Endocrine System Overview
Name 6 major endocrine organs
1 4
2 5
3 6
Endocrine
System Organization
List 3 components of the endocrine system
1 3
2
What factor classifies a gland as endocrine compared to exocrine?
Types of Hormones
List 2 categories of hormones
1
2
List 3 hormones produced by organs other than the major endocrine glands
1 3
2
Hormone-Target Cell Specificity
Describe the major function of hormones and describe three ways they
accomplish these functions
Function Accomplished by
1
2
3
Hormone-Receptor Binding
List 3 factors that determine a target cells activation
1 3
2
Describe the term up-regulation
Describe the term down-regulation
Cyclic AMP: The Intracellular Messenger
Name the first messenger in hormone function
Describe cyclic AMPs role as an intracellular messenger?
List 3 factors that initiate cyclic AMP action
1 3
2
Effects on Enzymes
List the three ways hormones increase enzyme activity
1 3
2
Factors That Determine Hormone Levels
List 3 ways to stimulate endocrine glands and give one example of each
Stimulation
Example
1
2
3
List 2 factors that determine blood hormone concentration
1
2
Patterns of Hormone Release
Explain the term diurnal variation
Resting and Exercise-Induced Endocrine Secretions
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
An alternate name for the pituitary gland is _____________
List 6 different hormones secreted from the pituitary gland
1 4
2 5
3 6
Growth Hormone
Describe the major function of growth hormone GH
In what way can GH contribute to endurance exercise performance and
training responsiveness?
Endurance performance:
Training responsiveness:
Growth Hormone, Exercise, And Tissue Synthesis
Describe the response of GH to an acute bout of exercise
Give one possible way GH secretion with exercise enhances protein
synthesis
Insulin-Like Growth Factors
Describe the role of IGF?
Thyrotropin
What is the major function of TSH?
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
What is the major function of ACTH?
Prolactin
What is the major function of PRL?
Gonadotropic Hormones
List 2 gonadotropic hormones and their major function
Hormone
Function
1
2
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
List 2 posterior pituitary hormones and their major function
Hormone Function
1
2
Thyroid Hormones
List 2 thyroid hormones and their major function
Hormone Function
1
2
Parathyroid Hormones
List 3 functions of the parathyroid hormones
1 3
2
Adrenal Hormones
List 2 components to the adrenal gland
1
2
Adrenal Medulla Hormones
List 2 adrenal medulla hormones and their major function
Hormone Function
1
2
Discuss the term sympathoadrenal response
Adrenocortical Hormones
List 3 groups of adrenocortical hormones and their major function
Hormone Function
1
2
3
Mineralocorticoids
Name the most important mineralocorticoid and its major function
Name:
Function:
Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism
Describe the function of the renin-angiotensin system
Glucocorticoids
List 3 effects of cortisol release on cellular metabolism
1 3
2
Describe the effects of chronic, high-serum cortisol concentrations
Gonadocorticoids
List 2 sex steroid hormones
1
2
Gonadal Hormones
List 3 gonadal
hormones and their major function
Name Function
1
2
3
Testosterone
List 3 functions of testosterone
1 3
2
3
Pancreatic Hormones
Name 2 types of pancreatic tissue and the function of each
Tissue Function
1
2
Insulin
Describe the role of insulin in carbohydrate regulation and fat metabolism
Carbohydrate:
Fat:
Insulin Transport into Cells: Glucose Transporters
Contrast the functions GLUT-1 and GLUT-4
Glucose-Insulin Interaction
Name the substance that controls insulin secretion
Describe the effects of the catecholamines on insulin release
Discuss whether simple carbohydrates consumed during exercise cause the
same potential for insulin over-release as consuming them before exercise
Diabetes Mellitus
Describe the 2 major classifications of diabetes mellitus
1
2
Tests for Diabetes Mellitus
List 3 tests for diabetes
1 3
2
Give the FPG cut-off value for suspected diabetes
Metabolic Syndrome X
Characterize metabolic syndrome X
Insulin Actions and Impaired Glucose Homeostasis
Describe insulins main role in glucose
metabolism
List 3 possible causes for diabetes
1 3
2
Type 1 Diabetes
Describe type 1 diabetes
Give the probable causes for type 1 diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Describe type 2 diabetes
Give the probable causes for type 2 diabetes
List 3 differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
1 3
2
Diabetes and Exercise
Describe the most common disturbance during exercise for diabetics
Glucagon
Describe the main function of glucagon
Other Glands and Hormones
The liver secrets the hormone _______________
List the hormones secreted by the small intestines
Exercise Training and Endocrine Function
Discuss the general hormonal response to standard-load exercise between the
trained and untrained
List 6 different hormones and their response to exercise training
Hormone Training Response
1
2
3
4
5
6
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
GH
Compared to untrained counterparts, endurance-trained individuals show
less; more of a change in plasma GH levels at a given exercise intensity
ACTH
Compared to untrained counterparts, endurance-trained individuals show
less; more of a
change in plasma ACTH levels at a given exercise
intensity
FSH, LH, and Testosterone
Compared to untrained counterparts, endurance-trained individuals show
less; more of a change in reproductive hormone response at a given
exercise intensity
Women
List 2 factors that contribute to menstrual dysfunction in addition to
alterations in FSH and LH
1
2
Men
Does exercise training impair gonadotropin release and subsequently reduce
testosterone levels?
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
ADH
Indicate the effects of endurance training on the ADH response to a given
exercise intensity
Parathyroid Hormone
Indicate the effects of endurance training on the parathormone response to
a given exercise intensity
Thyroid Hormones
Indicate the effects of endurance training on the thyroid glands response
to a given exercise intensity
Adrenal Hormones
Aldosterone
Indicate the effects of endurance training on the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone response to a given exercise intensity
Cortisol
Indicate the effects of endurance training on cortisol response to a given
exercise intensity
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Indicate the effects of endurance training on the
sympathoadrenal response
to a given exercise intensity
Pancreatic Hormones
Indicate the effects of endurance training on the insulin and glucagon
response to a given exercise intensity
Regular Physical Activity and Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Low levels of physical activity usually relate to these four factors of the
deadly quartet:
1 3
2 4
Discuss the major affect of exercise training on type 2 diabetes risk
Briefly state a possible mechanism to explain how regular exercise improves
blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes
Exercise Benefits for Type 2 Diabetes
List 4 benefits of exercise for controlling type 2 diabetes
1 3
2 4
Exercise Risks for Type 2 Diabetes
List 3 adverse effects of exercise for the patient with type 2 diabetes
1 3
2
Exercise Guidelines for Type 1 Diabetes
List 4 exercise guidelines for the patient with type I diabetes
1 3
2 4
Resistance Training and Endocrine Function
List 2 hormones involved in resistance training adaptations and
indicate
possible gender differences in their release
1
2
Opioid Peptides and Exercise
List 3 opioid peptides
1
2
3
Explain exercise euphoria
Exercise, Infectious Illness, Cancer, and Immune Response
What level of exercise relates to increased risk of upper respiratory tract
infection?
What 2 factors other than exercise directly affect immune status?
1
2
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Describe the relationship between exercise and risk of upper respiratory
tract infections
Acute Exercise Effects
Describe immune function response to a bout of moderate and exhaustive
exercise
Moderate exercise:
Exhaustive exercise:
Long-Term Exercise Effects
What effects do exercise training have on immune function?
Describe the open window phenomenon that relates exercise to risk of
infection
Resistance Training
Describe the general effects of resistance training on immune function
Perhaps a Role for Nutritional Supplements
Name 3 supplements that may influence immune function
1
2
3
Glutamine and Immune Response
Describe glutamines role in immune response
The Exercise-Cancer Connection
State one hypothesis about the role of exercise in
reducing cancer risk
Source:umich.edu
