reading: diabetes mellitus from Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology. why is diabetes best described as a “syndrome” …
reading: diabetes mellitus - from Anthonys Textbook of Anatomy and
Physiology
1 why is diabetes best described as a syndrome?
1 it is a collection of symptoms and features, not just a single thing
2 what are three ways that insulin action could be abnormal in diabetics?
1 inadequate amount of insulin produced
2 abnormal kind of insulin
3 insulin might be present but insulin RECEPTORS on cells might be
insufficient
3 what is resistin, and how might it relate to obesity?
1 hormone secreted by fat cells
2 might interfere with insulin action
4 what two things are necessary for the entry of glucose into cells?
1 must be enough insulin PRESENT
2 cells must be SENSITIVE to that insulin
5 what is hyperglycemia?
1 chronic elevation of blood glucose levels
2 note chronic means over months or years not hours or days
6 what is glycosuria, and why does it happen?
1 glucose in the urine
2 normally sugar does NOT enter urine - it stays in the blood
3 in diabetes there is SO MUCH sugar in the blood, it spills out into the
urine
7 what is polyuria, and why does it happen?
1 increased urine production
2 due to increased sugar in the
urine
3 body must create more urine to pass out the sugar
8 what is polydipsia, and why does it happen?
1 excessive thirst even when drinking lots of water
2 due to polyuria
9 what is polyphagia, and why does it happen?
1 intense hunger even when eating normally
2 occurs because cells are STARVED even though food is coming in - cells
cant get the food
3 like lots of cars on the freeway, but none are exiting in your town
4 NOTE: THE THREE POLYs as major symptoms
10 what are ketone bodies, and where do they come from?
1 acidic compounds
2 result from burning fat when theres no sugar to burn
11 what is ketoacidosis, and what are its results in the body?
1 buildup of ketone bodies
2 fruity odor of breath, coma, death
3 note ODOR MIGHT BE FIRST SYMPTOM
4 note connection with starvation, anorexia
12 what are the two major types of diabetes mellitus, and what is the
difference between them?
1 type 1 juvenile onset IDDM
1 usually strikes before 30
2 pancreatic cells destroyed
3 often autoimmune bodys own immune system mistakenly attacks pancreas
4 needs injections of insulin
5 also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
IDDM
2 type 2 adult onset NIDDM
1 usually strikes after 40 yrs old
2 also NIDDM - non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
3 accounts for 90 of diabetes mellitus
4 insulin is STILL PRODUCED
5 insulin is either insufficient amount, or cells have become resistant
13 what lifestyle changes can help type 2 diabetes?
1 balanced diet high in fiber
2 adequate exercise
3 maintain normal body weight
14 what is diabetic retinopathy and why does it occur?
1 fine capillaries in retina are damaged by high blood sugar levels
2 retina degrades and may detach
3 could lead to permanent blindness
15 what are the possible treatments for type 1 diabetes?
16 what is the Edmonton Protocol technique?
17 what is the most effective, and least expensive, treatment for type 2
diabetes?
Source:utexas.edu
