According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Diabetes is a disease diabetes at any given time. …
M etab olic D isorders
The endocrine system is an electrochemical connection from the hypothalamus of the brain to the organs of the body that control metabolism, growth and development, and reproduction It is made up of organs called glands, which secrete chemicals called hormones Hormones are messengers that travel throughout the body via the bloodstream, affecting other processes and pathways Typical glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands The metabolic pathway is influenced by the endocrine system It involves the building and breaking down many of the molecules that the body uses, consumes, and produces The endocrine system is involved in nearly every internal process, from digestion to growth to the balance of fluids and nutrients in the body
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Acromegaly Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder resulting from the excess production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland Most often, it is a benign growth hormone producing tumor composed of distinct cells called somatrophs, and is called pituitary adenoma This disorder most commonly affects middle-aged adults and results in serious illness or death due to its slow
progression and difficulty to diagnose Symptoms include the swelling of hands and feet, protrusion of the brow and lower jaw, arthritis, spacing of the teeth, heart failure, vision loss, diabetes, hypertension, and increased sweating Treatment includes surgery for removal of the pituitary tumor, radiation, and drug therapy According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, three out of every 1 million people will develop the disorder
COMPANY PRODUCT PHASE
Acromegaly
Tercica, Inc Nektar Therapeutics
Somatuline Autogel lanreotide Somavert pegvisomant
III M
Addisons Disease Also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency, Addisons disease is a rare endocrine disorder that develops after the adrenal glands, located above the kidneys, do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol and aldosterone One of cortisols major functions is maintaining the balance of salt and water in the body Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting and low blood pressure–all due to a lack of salt in the body This disease often goes undiagnosed because the symptoms are mild and develop slowly Rarely, Addisonian crisis occurs, during which
the symptoms become severe quickly, usually due to another pre-existing illness If left untreated, Addisons can become fatal Only 1 in 100,000 Americans is diagnosed with this disease, but may be an inaccurate number due to the difficulty of diagnosis
COMPANY PRODUCT PHASE
Addisons Disease
Impax Laboratories, Inc
Fludrocortisone Acetate
M
Appetite In order for our bodies to function, we need calories and nutrients obtained from the food that we eat For most of us, this is not a problem Our bodies give us signals such as hunger pangs to let us know that is time to eat Our appetite is regulated closely by our brain, digestive tract, and adipose fat tissue Many disorders, both biological and psychological, exist in which appetite regulation is abnormal This can lead to diseases such as anorexia and bulimia where too little food intake occurs and obesity where too much food is consumed Many therapies exist to help our bodies regulate and control our food intake
COMPANY PRODUCT PHASE
Appetite
Pherin Pharmaceuticals, Inc
PH284
II
Diabetes Insulin is a hormone that our body needs to regulate the amount of sugar in our cells Sugar is vitally important as it is the primary source
of energy for our bodies Diabetes is a disease in which the patients body either does not produce or improperly produces insulin, causing sugars to build up in the blood Because the sugars are not being transferred into the cells, cells are unable to operate as efficiently Cellular functions rely on glucose sugar as their main
METABOLIC DISORDERS
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sources of energy If diabetes is left unchecked it can lead to stroke, cardiovascular disorders, blindness, kidney failure, amputations, and nerve damage In severe situations, a person can fall into a diabetic coma, known as diabetic ketoacidosis There are three types of diabetes which affect 182 million Americans Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the bodys immune system turns against its own cells The insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas are attacked, causing insulin to be produced at an inefficient rate or not at all Doctors do not yet know the cause of type I diabetes, though the environment, genetics, and viruses may be a factor Type II diabetes is the most common form of the disease It is associated with being overweight, inactivity, older age, history of gestational diseases, ethnicity, and family history
Insulin is produced normally at first, but the bodys cells become resistant to it and do not use the insulin correctly Eventually, insulin production will decrease as cells receive signals that they do not use as much Type III is known as gestational diabetes and only occurs during pregnancy It is associated with ethnicity and family history Only about 135,000 people have gestational diabetes at any given time It is thought to be caused by increased hormone levels, which create an insulin resistance similar to that found in Type II diabetes
COMPANY PRODUCT PHASE
BEXEL Pharmaceuticals, Inc DiObex, Inc Perlegen Sciences, Inc Plexxikon, Inc SuperGen, Inc SuperGen, Inc Amgen, Inc Aradigm Corp
BLX-1002 DIO-902 MCC-555 PLX204 PZG pyrazinoylguanidine RF 1051 T131 AERx insulin Diabetes Management System / NN1998 AERx insulin Diabetes Management System / NN1998 MBX-102 metaglidasen Metformin HCl Extended Release Tablets Exubera inhaled insulin Glumetza / Metformin GR metformin hydrochloride Novolin
II II II II II II II III
Type II Diabetes
Diabetes Type II Diabetes Type I Diabetes Type II Diabetes
Aradigm Corp Metabolex, Inc Impax Laboratories, Inc Nektar Therapeutics DepoMed, Inc
Novartis AG
III III A M M M
Diabetes Type II Diabetes Diabetes
Homocystinuria Homocystinuria is an inherited metabolic disorder in which the amino acid methionine is not properly metabolized It is an inherited autosomal recessive trait, which means that the child must inherit the defective gene from both parents Over time, this defect causes a multisystemic
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disorder of the connective tissue, muscles, CNS, and cardiovascular system due to the accumulation of homocysteine in the serum and an increased excretion of homocysteine in the urine It is difficult to diagnose at birth; infants look completely normal and symptoms may or may not be present Symptoms include family history of the disease, nearsightedness, flushed cheeks, tall, thin build, long limbs, high arched feet, knock knees, mental retardation, and psychiatric disease The average life expectancy is reduced only if left untreated, but 25 percent of patients tend to die before the age of 30 due to heart complications There is no cure for this disease but patients sometimes respond to treatment with vitamin B6 For those patients who do not respond to B6, a low methionine diet is required, with added folic acid and
cysteine in the diet
COMPANY PRODUCT PHASE
Homocystinuria
Jazz Pharmaceuticals
Cystadane betaine anhydrous
M
Hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia refers to a lower than normal amount of glucose sugar in the blood Usually the condition is mild and can be treated by the intake of sugar, but in chronic cases the brain will not receive enough glucose, resulting in impaired function This can lead to permanent brain damage or death if left untreated Symptoms include shakiness, anxiety, nervousness, tremor, palpitations, sweating, coldness, hunger, nausea, fatigue and personality changes Hypoglycemia can occur at any age and from a variety of causes, however, it commonly results as a complication from diabetes Physicians do not agree as to what level of glucose in the blood classifies hypoglycemia, though glucose levels below 70 mg/dl are generally considered hypoglycemic Treatments are specifically fashioned after the cause of the abnormality is discovered
COMPANY PRODUCT PHASE
Hypoglycemia
DiObex Inc
DIO-901 glucagon
II
Growth Hormone Deficiency Growth hormone deficiency is a condition in which the human growth hormone HGH is inadequately produced Growth hormone, also known as
somatotropin, is a polypeptide hormone that stimulates growth and cellular reproduction At various stages of life, different symptoms and effects may be present Infants may exhibit hypoglycemia or micropenis Children will experience stunted growth Adults may have decreased lean body mass, poor bone density and several physical and psychological problems HGH deficiency can be either congenital acquired before the child is born or acquired in adult life, often by a tumor It is sometimes temporary, but is most often permanent HGH deficiency is treated by growth hormone replacement therapy
COMPANY PRODUCT PHASE
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Tercica, Inc Tercica, Inc Genentech, Inc Genentech, Inc Genentech, Inc Genentech, Inc
Increlex mecasermin [rDNA origin] injection / rhIGF-1 Increlex mecasermin [rDNA origin] injection / rhIGF-1 Nutropin [somatropin rDNA origin injection] Nutropin AQ [somatropin rDNA origin injection] Nutropin AQ [somatropin rDNA origin injection] Nutropin [somatropin rDNA origin for injection]
III M M M M M
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Hormone Replacement Therapy Hormone replacement therapy is used on perimenopausal and postmenopausal women to prevent discomfort and
health problems caused by the diminished estrogen hormones in the body Treatment involves a series of drugs designed to artificially boost hormone levels Estrogen, progesterone, progestin, and testosterone are the main hormones involved
COMPANY PRODUCT PHASE
Berlex
Androgen/progestin Replacement Therapy
II
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Idiopathic Short Stature Idiopathic short stature ISS refers to the condition of someone being shorter in height than those around them Height, however, is a relative condition, and there are no established definitions as to what is a normal height There have been several controversies over this issue regarding quality of life due to height and insurance reimbursement for hormone therapies and treatments
COMPANY PRODUCT PHASE
Genentech, Inc Genentech, Inc
Nutropin AQ [somatropin rDNA origin injection] Nutropin [somatropin rDNA origin injection]
M M
Idiopathic Short Stature
Obesity Obesity is a condition is which the natural fat stores in the body are increased to the point where it is a risk factor for health conditions or increased mortality A body mass index BMI between 300 and 399 classifies a person as obese In men, this means that when
body fat is greater than 25 percent and in women when fat is over 30 percent, the patient is declared obese Excess body weight is linked to genetics, overeating, lack of exercise, as well as certain diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, sleep apnea, and osteoarthritis Stress, eating disorders, and smoking cessation may also contribute to the condition Obesity is quickly becoming a substantial public health problem and it significantly contributes to rising health care costs in the United States According to a recent study by the Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, the United States has the highest rate of obesity in the developed world From 1980 to 2002, obesity in the US doubled in adults and tripled in children and adolescents From 2003-2004, 171 percent of children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years, and 322 percent of adults 20 years or older were obese The prevalence of obesity has been continually rising due to environmental and population factors that support decreased physical activity and increased calorie consumption
COMPANY PRODUCT PHASE
VIVUS, Inc SuperGen, Inc
Qnexa RF 1051
II II
Obesity
Testosterone Replacement Therapy Testosterone is a
steroid hormone primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females The adrenal glands also secrete small amounts of the hormone It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid that plays major roles in health and well-being Libido, energy levels, immune function, protection against osteoporosis, and puberty in males are largely due to increased levels of testosterone in the body In some individuals, however, the production of testosterone is insufficient for the healthy growth and development of the body In these cases, hormone replacement therapy is used to maintain normal levels of testosterone in the body
COMPANY PRODUCT PHASE
Impax Laboratories, Inc Pharmagenesis, Inc
Methitest CIII methyltestosterone Testoderm TTS
M M
Testosterone Replacement Therapy
Source:lifeline.com.cy
